DISCLAIMER: Hop substitutes should generally be thought of as "last resort" options. Some of them work better than others, and of course, the individual brewer must decide which substitutes are best. No attempt was made here to label "good" and "not-so-good" substitutes, because the opinions vary wildly.
The following hops are generally considered aroma hops although in recent years they have started to gain a following in the homebrew community for bittering as well:
Name: CASCADE
Grown: US
Profile: strong spicy, floral, citrus (especially grapefruit) aroma
Typical use: bittering, finishing, dry hopping for American style ales
Example: Sierra Nevada Pale Ale, Anchor Liberty Ale & Old Foghorn
AA Range: 4.5 - 8%
Substitute: Centennial
Name: CHALLENGER
Grown: UK (Northern Brewer heritage)
Profile: spicy aroma, fruity flavor
Typical use: dual purpose, aroma and bittering, blends well with other hops
Example: ???
AA Range: 6.5 - 8.5%
Substitute: ???
Name: CRYSTAL (CFJ-HALLERTAU)
Grown: US
Profile: mild, pleasant, slightly spicy
Typical use: aroma/finishing/flavoring
Example: ???
AA Range: 2 - 5%
Substitute: Hallertauer Mittelfrueh, Hallertauer Hersbrucker, Mount Hood,
Liberty.
Name: EAST KENT GOLDINGS
Grown: UK
Profile: spicy/floral, earthy, rounded, very mild aroma;
spicy (candy-like?) flavor
Typical use: bittering, finishing, dry hopping for British ales
Example: Samuel Smith's Pale Ale, Fuller's ESB
AA Range: 4.5 - 7%
Substitute: BC Goldings, Target
Name: ULTRA (was EXPERIMENTAL 21484)
Grown: US
Profile: fine aroma hop
Typical use: finishing for German style lagers
Example: None
AA Range: 3 - 6%
Substitute: Hallertauer Mittelfrueh
Name: FUGGLES
Grown: UK, US, and other areas
Profile: mild, soft, grassy, floral aroma
Typical use: finishing / dry hopping for all ales, dark lagers
Example: Samuel Smith's Pale Ale, Old Peculier, Thomas Hardy's Ale
AA Range: 3.5 - 5.5%
Substitute: East Kent Goldings, Willamette
Name: HALLERTAUER HERSBRUCKER
Grown: Germany
Profile: pleasant, spicy/mild, noble, earthy aroma
Typical use: finishing for German style lagers
Example: Wheathook Wheaten Ale
AA Range: 2.5 - 5%
Substitute: Hallertauer Mittelfrueh, Mt. Hood, Liberty, Crystal,
NZ Hallertau Aroma
Name: HALLERTAUER MITTELFRUEH
Grown: Germany
Profile: pleasant, spicy, noble, mild herbal aroma
Typical use: finishing for German style lagers
Example: Sam Adams Boston Lager, Sam Adams Boston Lightship
AA Range: 3 - 5%
Substitute: Hallertauer Hersbrucker, Mt. Hood, Liberty, Crystal,
NZ Hallertau Aroma
Name: LIBERTY
Grown: US
Profile: fine, very mild aroma
Typical use: finishing for German style lagers
Example: Pete's Wicked Lager
AA Range: 2.5 - 5%
Substitute: Hallertauer Mittelfrueh, Hallertauer Hersbrucker, Mt. Hood,
Crystal
Name: LUBLIN
Grown: Poland
Profile: Reported to be a substitute for noble varieties, in fact is
said to be Saaz grown in Poland.
Typical use: aroma/finishing
Example: ???
AA Range: 2 - 4%
Substitute: Saaz, Hallertauer Mittelfrueh, Hallertauer Hersbrucker,
Tettnang, Mount Hood, Liberty, Crystal.
Name: MT. HOOD
Grown: US
Profile: mild, clean aroma
Typical use: finishing for German style lagers
Example: Anderson Valley High Rollers Wheat Beer, Portland Ale
AA Range: 3.5 - 8%
Substitute: Hallertauer Mittelfrueh, Hallertauer Hersbrucker, Liberty,
Tettnang
Name: NZ HALLERTAU AROMA (an organic version also exists)
Grown: New Zealand
Profile: Said to be a replica of German Hallertauer Mittelfrueh
Typical use: fine aroma hopping
Example: Coors, Coors Light
AA Range: 6 - 8%
Substitute: Hallertauer Mittelfrueh, Hallertauer Hersbrucker, Tettnang,
Crystal
Name: PROGRESS
Grown: UK (Whitbred Goldings heritage)
Profile: similar to Fuggles, but slightly sweeter
Typical use: bittering and aroma for British ales
Example: ???
AA Range: 5.0 - 7.5%
Substitute: Fuggles
Name: SAAZ
Grown: Czechoslovakia
Profile: delicate, mild, floral aroma
Typical use: finishing for Bohemian style lagers
Example: Pilsener Urquell
AA Range: 2 - 5%
Substitute: Tettnang (many would claim there is NO substitute)
Name: SPALT
Grown: Germany/US
Profile: mild, pleasant, slightly spicy
Typical use: aroma/finishing/flavoring, some bittering
Example: Common in Dusseldorf Altbiers
AA Range: 3 - 6%
Substitute: Saaz, Tettnang
Name: STRISSELSPALT
Grown: France -- Alsace area
Profile: medium intensity, pleasant, similar to Hersbrucker
Typical use: aroma/finishing
Example: ???
AA Range: 3 - 5%
Substitute: Hersbrucker, German Spalt
Name: STYRIAN GOLDINGS
Grown: Yugoslavia (seedless Fuggles grown in Yugoslavia),
also grown in US
Profile: similar to Fuggles
Typical use: bittering/finishing/dry hopping for a wide variety of beers,
popular in Europe, especially UK
Example: Ind Coope's Burton Ale, Timothy Taylor's Landlord
AA Range: 4.5 - 7
Substitute: Fuggles, Willamette
Name: TETTNANG
Grown: Germany, US
Profile: fine, spicy aroma
Typical use: finishing for German style beers
Example: Gulpener Pilsener, Sam Adams Octoberfest, Anderson Valley ESB
AA Range: 3 - 6%
Substitute: Saaz, Spalt
Name: WILLAMETTE
Grown: US
Profile: mild, spicy, grassy, floral aroma
Typical use: finishing and dry hopping for American / British ales
Example: Sierra Nevada Porter, Ballard Bitter, Anderson Valley Boont Amber
AA Range: 4 - 7%
Substitute: Fuggles
The following hops are generally considered bittering hops, but some aroma applications have been noted (note that the examples given may not enlighten the taster as much as the aroma hops in the previous section):
Name: BREWER'S GOLD
Grown: UK, US
Profile: poor aroma;
sharp bittering hop
Typical use: bittering for ales
Example: Pete's Wicked Ale
AA Range: 8 - 9%
Substitute: Bullion
Name: BULLION
Grown: UK (maybe discontinued), US
Profile: poor aroma;
sharp bittering and blackcurrant flavor when used in the boil
Typical use: bittering hop for British ales, perhaps some finishing
Example: ??? (Guinness Extra Stout and SSWW - not confirmed)
AA Range: 8 - 11%
Substitute: Brewer's Gold, Pacific Gem
Name: CENTENNIAL
Grown: US
Profile: spicy, floral, citrus aroma;
clean bittering hop (Super Cascade?)
Typical use: general purpose bittering, aroma, some dry hopping
Example: Sierra Nevada Celebration Ale, Sierra Nevada Bigfoot Ale
AA Range: 9 - 11.5%
Substitute: Cascade
Name: CHINOOK
Grown: US
Profile: heavy spicy aroma;
strong versatile bittering hop
Typical use: bittering
Example: Sierra Nevada Celebration Ale, Sierra Nevada Stout
AA Range: 12 - 14%
Substitute: Galena, Eroica, Nugget, Bullion
Name: CLUSTER
Grown: US, Australia
Profile: poor, sharp aroma;
sharp bittering hop
Typical use: general purpose bittering (Aussie version used as finishing hop)
Example: Winterhook Christmas Ale
AA Range: 5.5 - 8.5%
Substitute: Galena, Cascade, Eroica
Name: EROICA
Grown: US
Profile: clean bittering hop
Typical use: general purpose bittering
Example: Ballard Bitter, Blackhook Porter, Anderson Valley Boont Amber
AA Range: 12 - 14%
Substitute: Northern Brewer, Galena
Name: GALENA
Grown: US
Profile: strong, clean bittering hop
Typical use: general purpose bittering
Example: Catamount Porter, Devil's Mountain Railroad Ale
AA Range: 12 - 14%
Substitute: Northern Brewer, Eroica, Cluster
Name: NORTHERN BREWER
Grown: UK, US, Germany (called Hallertauer NB), and other areas
(growing region affects profile greatly)
Profile: fine, fragrant aroma;
dry, clean bittering hop
Typical use: bittering and finishing for a wide variety of beers
Example: Old Peculier(bittering), Anchor Liberty(bittering),
Anchor Steam(bittering, flavoring, aroma)
AA Range: 7 - 10%
Substitute: Hallertauer Mittelfrueh, Hallertauer Hersbrucker
Name: NUGGET
Grown: US
Profile: heavy, spicy, herbal aroma;
strong bittering hop
Typical use: strong bittering, some aroma uses
Example: Sierra Nevada Porter & Bigfoot Ale, Anderson Valley ESB
AA Range: 12 - 14%
Substitute: Chinook
Name: PERLE
Grown: Germany, US
Profile: pleasant aroma;
slightly spicy, almost minty bittering hop
Typical use: general purpose bittering for all lagers except pilsener
Example: Sierra Nevada Pale Ale, Summerfest, and Pale Bock
AA Range: 7 - 9.5%
Substitute: Hallertauer Mittelfrueh, NZ Hallertau Aroma
Name: PRIDE OF RINGWOOD
Grown: Australia
Profile: citric aroma;
clean bittering hop
Typical use: general purpose bittering
Example: Foster's Lager, Victoria Bitter, Coopers Sparkling Ale
AA Range: 9 - 11%
Substitute: ???
The following hops are relatively rare. In fact, they are rare enough that I haven't found much useful information on them, but they are included here for completeness.
Name: GREEN BULLET Grown: New Zealand Profile: ??? Typical use: Bittering and aroma in lagers, even pilseners Example: ??? AA Range: 8 - 12% Substitute: Styrian Goldings Name: NORTHDOWN Grown: Ireland Profile: good flavor and aroma, blends well with other UK types Typical use: all purpose ale hop Example: Guinness AA Range: 7.2 - 9% Substitute: Target, Northern Brewer Name: PACIFIC GEM Grown: New Zealand Profile: delicate black currant/floral nose Typical use: Strong Bittering, but also some aroma applications Example: ??? AA Range: 14%+ Substitute: Bullion? Name: SOUTHERN CROSS Grown: New Zealand Profile: ??? Typical use: Strong Bittering and fine aroma qualities Example: ??? AA Range: 11-12% Substitute: ??? Name: STICKLEBRACT Grown: New Zealand Profile: Said to be comparable to European Northern Brewer Typical use: Strong Bittering as well as aroma uses Example: ??? AA Range: 11 - 13% Substitute: Northern Brewer Name: SUPER ALPHA Grown: New Zealand Profile: ??? Typical use: bittering and aroma applications Example: Steinlager, Hahn Premium AA Range: 10 - 13% Substitute: ??? Name: TARGET Grown: UK Profile: accounts for 40% of UK hop production Typical use: mostly used for bittering, some aroma potential Example: Young's Special London Ale AA Range: 10.5 - 12.5% Substitute: Northdown, Progress